The problem with fingerprinting is that it's used to track users across sites. Cloudflare's "super cookies" and ordinary ad-network cookies are both examples of fingerprinting which use cookies and could definitely argued to be bad for user privacy.
A text-based challenge-response captcha doesn't fingerprint you in any way. Google's reCaptcha does -- not to mention that it uses you for free labour that I would argue should be a violation of minimum wage laws in most countries (Google hires people to do data entry for ML, so why am I being forced to do the same work for free in order to post a comment on a forum or log into a website).
A text-based challenge-response captcha doesn't fingerprint you in any way. Google's reCaptcha does -- not to mention that it uses you for free labour that I would argue should be a violation of minimum wage laws in most countries (Google hires people to do data entry for ML, so why am I being forced to do the same work for free in order to post a comment on a forum or log into a website).