This article lists 4 terms that it says originated with Mark I. But 3 of those terms were used in the Mark I because they already meant the correct thing. The only term to get effectively a new definition when applied to computers is "bug". So it seems kind of weird to say that e.g. "loop" originated with the Mark I when the definition of the word didn't change.
In fact this kind of brings to mind patents. "ordinary thing, done by a computer" is not particularly significant, neither in terminology nor patentable ideas.
That's one of those things that sounds right only in hindsight.
Without the paper tape metaphor, the control flow for repetition might have been called "repeat" or "iterate". The word "loop" is nice and short, but it's an odd thing to say without the physical clue. The word didn't come up in my mathematical proofs class.
Instead of "patch" we probably would have said "fix" (we still sometimes do).
The control flow for repetition is in fact called "repeat" in some languages. I don't think the word "loop" stuck around because the metaphor of paper tapes is particularly compelling (especially since we stopped using those a long time ago), I think it stuck around because it's a good short word that means the right thing. And, for example, it's pretty awkward to say something like "a for repeat", but "a for loop" is nice and simple. We probably would have ended up on this word even without paper tapes.
Amazing to see how computer science imported these terms.. since it moved from classical mechanics to electromagnetism, electronics and now to quantum mechanics.. how the future will look like ? patterns, probabilities, uncertainty, learning, self-organization... much likely all those terms are going to disappear from the jargon .. a "bug" will have no meaning
In fact this kind of brings to mind patents. "ordinary thing, done by a computer" is not particularly significant, neither in terminology nor patentable ideas.